Malaysia’s Federalism Spirit
Malaysia is a federation formed in 1963, not merely an extension of Malaya. It was established through the Malaysia Agreement 1963 (MA63), an international treaty signed by:
• The United Kingdom
• Federation of Malaya
• North Borneo (now Sabah)
• Sarawak
• Singapore (which later exited in 1965)
This means Sabah and Sarawak did not "join" Malaysia as new states — they co-founded Malaysia as equal partners alongside Malaya and Singapore. The intention was to form a new nation — not to expand an existing one.
Federalism in Malaysia, therefore, was meant to reflect equal partnership and autonomy — especially for Sabah and Sarawak, with special rights preserved under MA63, such as:
• Immigration control
• Language and religion protections
• Native land and resources
• Fiscal autonomy (e.g. oil royalties, development funds)
However, over time, many of these intended powers were gradually centralized, leading to calls for restoration and full implementation of MA63 to return to the original spirit of federation.